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Forecasting volcanic eruptions and their potential impacts are primary goals in Natural Hazards research. Active volcanoes are nowadays monitored by different ground and space-based instruments providing a wealth of seismic, geodetic, and chemical data for academic volcanologists and monitoring agencies. We have better insights into volcanic systems thanks to steady improvements in research tools and data processing techniques. The integration of these data into physics-based models allows us for example to constrain magma migration at depth and to derive the pressure evolution inside volcanic conduits and reservoirs, which ultimately help monitor evolving volcanic hazard. Yet, it remains challenging to answer the most crucial questions when the threat of an eruption looms over us: When will it occur? What will be its style? Will it switch during its course? How long will the eruption last? And most importantly: will we have enough time to alert and evacuate population? Addressing these questions is crucial to reduce the social and economic impact of volcanic eruptions, both at the local and global scales. For example, the 2014 eruption at Ontake (Japan) had only limited spatial impact but killed dozens of hikers; in contrast, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) did not cause any human loss but paralyzed the European air space for weeks. Several limitations arise when approaching these questions. For example, short-term eruption forecasts and models that relate changes in monitoring parameters to the probability, timing, and nature of future activity are particularly uncertain. More reliable and useful quantitative forecasting requires the development of optimized and integrated monitoring networks, standardized approaches and nomenclature, and a new range of statistical methods and models that better capture the complexity of volcanic processes and system dynamics.

volcanology --- monitoring --- forecasting --- earth science --- volcano

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Forecasting volcanic eruptions and their potential impacts are primary goals in Natural Hazards research. Active volcanoes are nowadays monitored by different ground and space-based instruments providing a wealth of seismic, geodetic, and chemical data for academic volcanologists and monitoring agencies. We have better insights into volcanic systems thanks to steady improvements in research tools and data processing techniques. The integration of these data into physics-based models allows us for example to constrain magma migration at depth and to derive the pressure evolution inside volcanic conduits and reservoirs, which ultimately help monitor evolving volcanic hazard. Yet, it remains challenging to answer the most crucial questions when the threat of an eruption looms over us: When will it occur? What will be its style? Will it switch during its course? How long will the eruption last? And most importantly: will we have enough time to alert and evacuate population? Addressing these questions is crucial to reduce the social and economic impact of volcanic eruptions, both at the local and global scales. For example, the 2014 eruption at Ontake (Japan) had only limited spatial impact but killed dozens of hikers; in contrast, the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) did not cause any human loss but paralyzed the European air space for weeks. Several limitations arise when approaching these questions. For example, short-term eruption forecasts and models that relate changes in monitoring parameters to the probability, timing, and nature of future activity are particularly uncertain. More reliable and useful quantitative forecasting requires the development of optimized and integrated monitoring networks, standardized approaches and nomenclature, and a new range of statistical methods and models that better capture the complexity of volcanic processes and system dynamics.

Science: general issues --- Physical geography & topography --- volcanology --- monitoring --- forecasting --- earth science --- volcano

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This book provides an introduction to ocean sciences that is engaging, evocative and accessible to non-experts interested in marine geoscience, while sparking readers' interest in important unsolved mysteries in marine science. The scope of the book is quite broad, but focuses on the physical ocean and its geological evolution, including the author's experiences working as an oceanographer over the last thirty years. Across ten chapters, the book traces the origins of the ocean from its formation 4 billion years ago, reviews the discoveries of the theory of plate tectonics, the ice ages and the great ocean conveyor, and discusses seafloor features (canyons, seamounts, trenches, abyssal plains, etc.), how they formed and their current environmental issues. The book concludes with a prognosis for the future ocean we might expect with global climate change and other human impacts. .

Climatic changes. --- Marine Sciences. --- Popular Earth Science. --- Climate Change. --- Marine & Freshwater Sciences. --- Coastal Sciences. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Earth. --- Geology. --- Climate change. --- Marine sciences. --- Freshwater. --- Coasts. --- Geophysics. --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Coastal landforms --- Coastal zones --- Coastlines --- Landforms --- Seashore --- Fresh waters --- Freshwater --- Freshwaters --- Inland water --- Inland waters --- Water --- Ocean sciences --- Aquatic sciences --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change

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This Special Issue outlines the role of geoheritage and geotourism as potential touristic resources of a region. The term “geoheritage” refers to a particular type of natural resources represented by sites of special geological significance, rarity or beauty that are representative of a region and of its geological history, events, and processes. These sites are also known as “geosites” and, as well as archaeological, architectonic, and historical sites, can be considered as part of the cultural estate of a country. “Geotourism” is an emerging type of sustainable tourism, which concentrates on geosites, focusing on visitor knowledge, environmental education, and amusement. Geotourism may be very useful for geological sciences divulgation and may provide additional opportunities for the development of rural areas, generally not included among the main touristic attractions. The collected papers focused on these main topics with different methods and approaches and can be grouped as follows: i) papers dealing with geosite promotion and valorization in protected areas; ii) papers dealing with geosite promotion and valorization in non-protected areas; iii) papers dealing with geosite promotion by exhibition, remote sensing analysis, and apps; iv) papers investigating geotourism and geoheritage from tourists’ perspectives.

geotourism resources --- cultural tourism --- archeology --- touristic itinerary --- valorization --- inner-mountain areas --- Apennines --- central Italy --- isolated relief --- geological heritage --- southern Apulia --- Italy --- geotourism --- geoheritage --- urban geology --- geodiversity --- SWOT analysis --- rural regions --- geomorphosites --- geosites --- quantitative assessment --- Malta --- georesources --- Internet --- Iceland --- geosite --- faults --- fractures --- dykes --- Earth Science communication --- geopark --- regional development --- mining site --- Zaruma --- El Sexmo --- tourist mine --- geology-based tourism --- cultural heritage --- web-GIS --- smartphone --- Alto Molise --- protected areas --- weekend tourism --- tourists’ opinion --- national parks --- environmental education --- Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni Geopark --- Middle Bussento Karst System --- Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark --- fieldtrips --- virtual tours --- multidisciplinary approach --- Italian NW Alps --- geoparks --- geological knowledge --- geoarcheology --- geomorphosite --- geoitinerary --- geological science divulgation

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This Special Issue outlines the role of geoheritage and geotourism as potential touristic resources of a region. The term “geoheritage” refers to a particular type of natural resources represented by sites of special geological significance, rarity or beauty that are representative of a region and of its geological history, events, and processes. These sites are also known as “geosites” and, as well as archaeological, architectonic, and historical sites, can be considered as part of the cultural estate of a country. “Geotourism” is an emerging type of sustainable tourism, which concentrates on geosites, focusing on visitor knowledge, environmental education, and amusement. Geotourism may be very useful for geological sciences divulgation and may provide additional opportunities for the development of rural areas, generally not included among the main touristic attractions. The collected papers focused on these main topics with different methods and approaches and can be grouped as follows: i) papers dealing with geosite promotion and valorization in protected areas; ii) papers dealing with geosite promotion and valorization in non-protected areas; iii) papers dealing with geosite promotion by exhibition, remote sensing analysis, and apps; iv) papers investigating geotourism and geoheritage from tourists’ perspectives.

Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- geotourism resources --- cultural tourism --- archeology --- touristic itinerary --- valorization --- inner-mountain areas --- Apennines --- central Italy --- isolated relief --- geological heritage --- southern Apulia --- Italy --- geotourism --- geoheritage --- urban geology --- geodiversity --- SWOT analysis --- rural regions --- geomorphosites --- geosites --- quantitative assessment --- Malta --- georesources --- Internet --- Iceland --- geosite --- faults --- fractures --- dykes --- Earth Science communication --- geopark --- regional development --- mining site --- Zaruma --- El Sexmo --- tourist mine --- geology-based tourism --- cultural heritage --- web-GIS --- smartphone --- Alto Molise --- protected areas --- weekend tourism --- tourists’ opinion --- national parks --- environmental education --- Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni Geopark --- Middle Bussento Karst System --- Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark --- fieldtrips --- virtual tours --- multidisciplinary approach --- Italian NW Alps --- geoparks --- geological knowledge --- geoarcheology --- geomorphosite --- geoitinerary --- geological science divulgation